{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"2026 is shaping up to be a stellar year for space exploration with the return of crewed Moon missions, preparations for future Mars missions, planetary defense initiatives, and a final slingshot to determine if Jupiter’s moon Europa could be habitable."}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"Just days into the New Year, on January 6, NASA will begin spacewalks outside the International Space Station to prepare for installing a new solar array. As 2026 continues, international missions will proliferate, heralding a promising year for scientific discoveries and space exploration."}},{"type":"header","data":{"text":"NASA Returns to the Moon in 2026","level":2}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"NASA’s Artemis II mission will get the year off to an early start with current plans for an early-February launch for the first crewed lunar flyby since the Apollo program ended in 1972. Over the course of 10 days, it will bring astronauts around the Moon and back. During that time, Artemis II will test essential systems ahead of future moon landings under the Artemis program. These include the Orion life support system and optical communications between Earth and the Moon. Additionally, the mission will deploy cubesats from several countries, including Argentina, Saudi Arabia, and South Korea."}},{"type":"image","data":{"file":{"url":"https://thedebrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/NASA-Artemis-II-crew-300x205.jpg"},"caption":"NASA Artemis II astronauts (left to right) Christina Koch, Victor Glover, Reid Wiseman, and Canadian Space Agency Astronaut Jeremy Hansen. Credit: NASA/Josh Valcarcel"}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"Through NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) initiative, the space agency will send essential materials to the lunar surface this year through two missions with private commercial partners. These missions will serve as important steps toward a crewed Artemis III Moon landing and, eventually, a permanent lunar base."}},{"type":"header","data":{"text":"Intuitive Machines IM-3","level":2}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"The Intuitive Machines IM-3 mission builds on the IM-2 mission, which was cut short in 2025 due to touchdown errors, leaving the Athena lander unable to generate sufficient power. IM-3 will include multiple landers, a rover, robotic explorers, and an environmental monitor, with a particular focus on investigating the Reiner Gamma lunar swirl. The strange spiraling features known as lunar swirls are linked to magnetic anomalies that have long been observed on the Moon. IM-3 will investigate their nature and, ideally, provide scientists with new insights into how they form. "}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"Meanwhile, Firefly Aerospace’s Blue Ghost Mission 2, set for late 2026, and its Elytra Dark orbital vehicle will deploy both Blue Ghost and the ESA’s Lunar Pathfinder satellite. After Blue Ghost sets down on the far side of the moon, Elyta will stay in orbit to provide communications relay and radio frequency calibration support for five years. The mission will lay the groundwork for permanent habitation by identifying helpful resources, testing lunar power network technologies, and improving lunar communications."}},{"type":"image","data":{"file":{"url":"https://thedebrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/SpaceX-Starship-300x187.jpg"},"caption":"This year, SpaceX hopes to make Starship's first orbital flight (Credit: SpaceX)"}},{"type":"header","data":{"text":"From the Moon to Mars with SpaceX","level":2}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"SpaceX plans to continue operations with its twelfth Starship launch, which is expected to reach suborbital altitude. The booster stack for the launch has already been assembled, keeping the mission on track for February or March. Following that, flight thirteen may achieve Starship’s first orbital flight, proving the vehicle’s spaceworthiness. "}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"Later in the year, SpaceX has even more ambitious plans for Starship, including testing and demonstrating its Human Landing System for a crewed Artemis III mission and possibly launching uncrewed upper stages to Mars. From October to December, the 2026 Mars launch window will be open, a period when the two planets are optimally positioned for the shortest, most fuel-efficient journey between them every 26 months."}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"In 2024, SpaceX CEO Elon Musk outlined a plan to send five Starships loaded with Optimus robots to scout resources and prepare infrastructure for crewed missions scheduled for later windows. By May 2025, Musk estimated a 50% chance of meeting this goal. Later in the year, he admitted it was looking increasingly unlikely, but there was still a chance. Notably, the SpaceX website still states that the next launch window is in 2026, with no clear indication whether this goal will be met."}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"Another American aerospace company, Vast, is targeting a 2026 launch for the first-ever commercial space station. They will turn to SpaceX to launch the Haven-1 space station in May with a Falcon 9 rocket, followed by a 14-day crewed mission in June, arriving via a SpaceX Crew Dragon. Haven-1 will host a 10-slot microgravity research and manufacturing platform, along with amenities for a crew of four, available to paying customers"}},{"type":"image","data":{"file":{"url":"https://thedebrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/ESCAPADE-launch-300x200.jpg"},"caption":"Blue Origin’s New Glenn rocket carrying NASA’s twin ESCAPADE (Escape and Plasma Acceleration and Dynamics Explorers) spacecraft launched in November 2025 from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida. Credit: Blue Origin"}},{"type":"header","data":{"text":"NASA Launches in 2026","level":2}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"Musk isn’t the only one taking advantage of the 2026 Mars window. In November, NASA launched the ESCAPADE mission into Earth orbit. Once the launch window opens, ESCAPADE, using Earth’s gravity, will slingshot to the red planet, where its two identical satellites will study how space weather affects the strange Martian magnetosphere."}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"To establish long-term habitability, the mission will explore how space weather, the planet's thin atmosphere, and its magnetic crust interact. Scientists hope this new data will conclusively reveal how Mars lost its thick atmosphere. Data from the project will be essential to long-term safe habitation on the Red Planet, as it will enable mission planners to mitigate the effects of dangerous space weather in an environment that depends on artificial life support systems."}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"Several other NASA missions will make progress this year. The Discovery Program’s Psyche spacecraft will use a Mars gravity assist this summer to catapult it on its journey to the metallic asteroid 16 Psyche. The Europa Clipper Mission will use another gravity assist from Earth in December to fling it on its way to its final destination. In 2030, once it arrives at Europa, one of Jupiter's moons, it will assess whether the moon is habitable."}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"Over the summer, NASA will launch a group of small cubesats about the size of toasters as part of its SunRISE (Sun Radio Interferometer Space Experiment) mission. Focused on space weather, the mission will monitor solar radio bursts and map the Sun’s magnetic field. As NASA extends human missions to the Moon and beyond to Mars, a better understanding of how the Sun's charged particles can affect spacecraft will be essential to mission safety."}},{"type":"image","data":{"file":{"url":"https://thedebrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/chang_e_6-moon-300x188.jpeg"},"caption":"China's previous lunar mission, Chang'e-6, returned samples from the far side of the Moon. Credit: CNSA"}},{"type":"header","data":{"text":"Chinese Space Exploration in 2026","level":2}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"America is not the only country with grand space ambitions for 2026. China’s Chang’e 7 is anticipated to launch toward the end of the year. Named for the Chinese moon goddess, the Chang’e series has focused on investigating the lunar surface, which will continue with Chang’e 7’s exploration of the lunar south pole."}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"This area is particularly interesting for its cold traps: the shadowy craters that never receive enough direct sunlight to become illuminated. Their perpetual darkness leaves them with stores of frozen water and other minerals that could make them an essential supply for future permanent bases. The mission includes an orbiter, a relay satellite, a lander, a rover, and a mini-flying probe. While NASA has already sent missions such as LRCROSS to the area, future missions, including Artemis III, will revisit it."}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"To investigate another rocky body in space, the Chinese Tianwen-2 sample-return mission will rendezvous with the asteroid 469219 Kamo’oalewa in July for exploration and sample collection."}},{"type":"header","data":{"text":"China’s Space Telescope","level":2}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"In addition to another lunar mission, China will add a new companion to its Tiangong space station, which launched in three sections between 2021 and 2022. Tiangong is China’s first long-term space station and has been used to host numerous experiments in low Earth orbit. The new addition is a space telescope named Xuntian, expected to capture 40% of the sky during its mission, with a field of view approaching 350 times that of the Hubble Space Telescope."}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"Initially, the telescope was to be part of the Tiangong itself, but concerns about light pollution, vibration, and the space station obstructing the view led China to decide to launch Xuntian as a free-standing object in the same orbit as the space station. The mission is planned to last 10 years. It will utilize five onboard instruments: a survey camera, a terahertz receiver, a multichannel imager, an integral-field spectrograph, and a cool-planet imaging coronagraph."}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"These images will allow researchers to measure the positions, shapes, and brightnesses of nearly one billion galaxies, providing new context for their growth and evolution. To capture them, Xuntian features a two-meter-wide aperture, which enables a field of view 350 times that of NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope."}},{"type":"image","data":{"file":{"url":"https://thedebrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Hayabusa2-1-300x185.jpg"},"caption":"JAXA's Hayabusa-2 will continue its mission to investigate asteroids in 2026. Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser. Asteroid: T. Santana-Ros et al. Hayabusa2 model: SuperTKG (CC-BY-SA)."}},{"type":"header","data":{"text":"International Missions in 2026","level":2}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"The European Space Agency (ESA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) also have major plans for the year. Working together, the ESA-JAXA BepiColombo mission will enter Mercury orbit in November 2026, after which it will split into the Mercury Planetary Orbiter and the Mercury Magnetic Orbiter."}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"As the closest planet to the Sun, the mission will provide new insights into how hot planets near their stars evolve, with particular attention to their magnetic fields and magnetospheres. Additionally, mission measurements of Mercury’s motion will provide essential new data to evaluate Einstein’s general theory of relativity within the post-Newtonian formalism."}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"On its own, JAXA has two notable events planned. In July, Japan’s Haybusa-2 will conduct a flyby of the asteroid 98943 Torifune as part of its extended mission. More importantly, the Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) will launch in 2026 to perform a sample-return mission on the Martian moon Phobos and a flyby of the Martian moon Deimos. The return sample should reach Earth for study sometime in 2031."}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"Planetary defense will receive some significant attention in 2026 with the ESA HERA mission’s arrival at the asteroid Didymos in November. HERA will follow up on the 2022 NASA DART mission. DART was a practical planetary defense test that used a kinetic impactor to alter the course of an asteroid. With its two cubists, HERA will rendezvous with the binary asteroid Didymos to observe the aftermath of DART’s impact up close."}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"2026 will not just be a year of beginnings but also of endings. The ESA’s Solar Orbiter mission is scheduled to conclude in 2026, with a possible 2030 extension under consideration."}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"With a plethora of launches, gravity slingshots, tests, landings, flybys, and sample return missions slated for the upcoming year, don’t expect the space news to slow down in 2026."}},{"type":"paragraph","data":{"text":"Ryan Whalen covers science and technology for The Debrief. He holds an MA in History and a Master of Library and Information Science with a certificate in Data Science. He can be contacted at ryan@thedebrief.org, and follow him on Twitter @mdntwvlf."}}]}

2026 Space Outlook: New Missions Look to the Moon, Mars, and Beyond as Humanity Seeks Permanent Space Habitation

China Creates Gravity Chamber for Moon Simulations